BLOG #24 Exploration of North America through the Ages
This is a rough list of historical points with links to reference URL pages that may be related to early exploration of North America. Remember to use the ctrl F command to search for words of interest.
1186BCE The seafaring skills of the ancient Pharaohs. Black Egyptians, under the guidance of King Ramses III, who reigned from 1186-1155 B. C., sailed to the Americas and settled there. http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/ ; https://archaeology.make-known.com/researchers-found-evidence-that-the-ancient-egyptians-have-travelled-to-america-3000-years-ago/
Ship image from Queen Hatshepsut’s tomb 1,480 BCE (https://juliaherdman.com/2021/05/04/did-the-ancient-egyptians-go-to-sea/).
1500BCE - 332BCE Phoenicians sailing in the Mediterranean and beyond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition
Phoenician sailing ship (https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/watercraft/phoenician-ships/).
958BCE King Solomon’s Temple built (in Phoenician style) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon's_Temple
587BCE 1st sacking of the Temple of Solomon by the Babylonians https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon's_Temple
350BCE The Phoenicians, an ancient Semitic-speaking people of the Near East, were the finest sailors of the ancient world http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/
https://naval-encyclopedia.com/antique-ships/carthaginian-ships/
200BCE Carthage falls to Rome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)
70 Second Temple of Solomon sacked by Romans
175 Antonine plague in Roman Empire might have promoted Christianity https://cmdacanada.org/plagues-and-pandemics-a-proving-ground-for-christians/
750 The above scenarios show that it was possible to reach Oklahoma from Greenland, in 750, via ocean currents from western Greenland along the east coast of North America, and around Florida to the Gulf of Mexico, to the Runic Inscriptions in Oklahoma. https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
846 Vikings seige Paris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)
http://www.southbaysail.com/the-longships.html
918 Rollo the Viking/Northman settles in Normandy, France. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo
982 Eric Thorvaldsson, who was also known as Erik the Red, was the first European to officially enter into the Western Hemisphere when he landed on the shores of Greenland. https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
986 Bjarne Herljulfsness reputed to find uninhabited timbered lands to the southwest of Greenland https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
993 a cosmic radiation event, probably an enormous solar storm, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/
999 Normans arrive in southern Italy/Sicily https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy
1003 Leif Ericsson (Eric the Reds son) and 35 men sail to North America to discover Helluland, Markland and Vinland http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/; https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
1006 Super nova in Lupus observed in Egypt and Arabia on May 1st https://www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/01/supernova-constellation-lupus/
1007 Thorvald Ericsson sails to North America http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/
1010 Thorfinn Karlsefni sails to North Amercia https://www.facebook.com/AncientExplorers/photos/a.310897929011104/5408338395933673; http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/
1021 Vikings overwinter in L’Anse aux Meadow https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/; https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/vikings/Viking Waterway.htm; https://blog.geogarage.com/2020/08/evidence-of-viking-outpost-found-in.html
A recreation of Viking structures at L’Anse aux Meadows Dylan Kereluk via Wikimedia Commons under CC by 2.0
1050 Ist runic inscription to mention Vinland https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
1066 “William the Conquerer, a Norman with links to the Vikings, had between 776 and 1000 ships at his disposal.” https://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/en/professions/education/the-longships/the-historical-sources/william-the-conquerors-ship-list
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/1066-and-the-norman-conquest/how-to-organise-a-norman-invasion-fleet/
1096 1st Crusade begins
1099 Birth of Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Ancestor of Mary Queen of Scots, 1st King of Jerusalem
1099 1st Crusade ends
1099 Kingdom of Jerusalem established
1103 Sigurd was king of Norway from 1103 to 1130, his rule is thought to have been 'a golden age' for the medieval Kingdom of Norway, he also was the first Scandinavian king to go on a crusade to the Holy Land. https://www.facebook.com/MedievalHistoryButWeLoveOtherErasToo/posts/pfbid02LNUn7f2HbuaFPiCknABC4i2LKrVX9HbdgYzYRG32XcEixsRT5pLhX89aFYSYjwual
1110 The Norwegian Crusade lasted from 1107 to 1110 and according to legend, the Norwegians won every battle they took part in. Sigurd and his men sailed from Norway in 1107 with sixty ships and perhaps around five thousand men, by autumn they had arrived in England remaining there until the spring of the following year. The Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture and hydraulic engineering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
1119 Knights Templar established in Jerusalem https://electricscotland.com/history/Templari e Rosacroce vers. inglese definitivo.pdf
https://the-past.com/feature/the-battle-of-cerami-and-the-norman-conquest-of-sicily/
1121 Bishop Eric Gnupsson, sent by the Vatican to the New World http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/
1133 Ralph de Sudeley owner of Templar treasure born?
1143 Cistercians build Nydala Abbey in Gotland in the former lands of the Vikings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydala_Abbey
1145 2nd Crusade begins
1152 Cistercians arrive in Gotland https://ojs.abo.fi/ojs/index.php/ico/article/view/1701
1153 In 1153, the first King of Portugal, D. Afonso Henriques (Afonso, I), founded the Cistercian Alcobaça Monastery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians
1157 First king of Portugal, Alphonse Henriques (his uncle is Bernard of Clairvaux of Burgundy) gives lands in Sintra to the Knights Templar through Gualdim Pais, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintra
1160 Templars in Osimo, Italy https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1416154/knights-templar-underground-caves-tunnels-found-osimo-catholic-military-order-spt
1164 Cistercians leave in Gotland??? https://ojs.abo.fi/ojs/index.php/ico/article/view/1701; https://ojs.abo.fi/ojs/index.php/ico/article/view/1701/2393
1164 Cistercians build Roma Abbey, Alvastra Abbey and Nydala Abbey on the Swedish mainland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Abbey
1171 Prince Madoc of Wales sails to North America http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoc
1177 Recovery armada of 6 Templar ships sail to North America to recover scrolls. Altamara was the navigator from Denmark https://www.youtube.com/live/zbho7w0nQ64?feature=share&t=3056
1187 King of Jerusalem collapses
1189 3rd Crusade begins
1192 3rd Crusade ends
1192 Richard the I sells Cyprus to Knights Templar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus
1192 Kingdom of Jerusalem re-established
1190 German Teutonic Knights established https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3206&context=luc_theses
1200 population fo Scotland well below 500,000 https://www.historytoday.com/archive/portrait-britain-ad-1200
1200 Viking sagas written down https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/
1290 start of Stone masons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=1512s
1297 > William St. Clair, 6th Baron of Roslin (died 1297) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_St._Clair,_6th_Baron_of_Roslin)
1290 > Henry St Clair, 7th Baron of Roslin (13th Century) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_St_Clair,_7th_Baron_of_Roslin)
1291 King of Jerusalem collapses Battle of Acre
1300 Viking settlement on Baffin Island https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/fired-arctic-archeologist-patricia-sutherland-seeks-access-to-research
1307 Templar “fleet” sails from New Rochelle with treasure. https://www.history.co.uk/shows/lost-relics-of-the-knights-templar/articles/where-did-the-templar-treasure-go
1308 Chinon Parchment Rome clears Templars of wrong doing
1312 dissolution of Templars “The Templars had quite a fleet” in “Templars and rosicrucians. The inner and secret part of the Temple Order. The Brotherhood of the old Rose+Croix”
1314 Jacques de Molay burned at the stake https://www.oakislandgold.com/more-on-sir-william.html
1316 Fréres Ainés de la Rose Croix met for the first time in London https://electricscotland.com/history/Templari e Rosacroce vers. inglese definitivo.pdf
1319 King Denis of Portugal negotiated with Pope John XXII, for recognition of the new Military Order of Christ (Templars of Tomar) and its right to inherit the Templar assets and property. This was granted in a papal bull, Ad ea ex quibus, on 14 March 1319.[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_Christ
1319 “Order of Christ, and its headquarters remained at Castro Marim from 1319-1356, at which point it was transferred to Tomar. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) is known to have stayed at this castle while he was Administrator of the Order of Christ. The castle was restored under D Manuel I (1495-1521) as a base for the Portuguese navy.” https://www.portugalresident.com/castro-marim-the-original-home-of-the-knights-of-the-order-of-christ/
1330 Early in 1330, James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, set sail from Berwick upon Tweed, accompanied by seven other knights (which included William St Clair, 8th Baron of Roslin) with twenty esquires and gentlemen to deliver the heart of Robert the Bruce to the Holy Lands. William and John may have died at the Battle of Teba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas,_Lord_of_Douglas; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_St_Clair,_8th_Baron_of_Roslin; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Teba; https://www.rosslynchapel.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/171_Rosslyn_Adult_Learning_Guide_The_Knights_Templar_revA.pdf
1330 > William St Clair, 8th Baron of Roslin (died 1330 or 1357 or 1379) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_St_Clair,_8th_Baron_of_Roslin)
1338 “In England, pensions were still being granted to twelve former Templars” The Trial of the Templars by Malcolm Barber
1345 > Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney (c. 1345 to c.1400) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney)
1345 Henry Sinclair (voyager to North America) born https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney
1350 Vikings abandon Greenland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greenland
1353 Margaret I of Denmark (Gotland) born
1355 the Norse Paul Knutson sails to North America - possibly leaving the Kensington Stone - sent by Magnus IV of Sweden http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greenland
1356 “Order of Christ, and its headquarters remained at Castro Marim from 1319-1356, at which point it was transferred to Tomar. https://www.portugalresident.com/castro-marim-the-original-home-of-the-knights-of-the-order-of-christ/
1362 “Henry (Sinclair) learned of the Kensington Expedition party either departing, or having already set sail by this time, for Vinland https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
1362 Kensington Rune Stone date https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
1365 “In 1365, Henry I joined the Crusade called for by Peter I, King of Cyprus, to conquer the Port of Alexandria in Egypt. If the Zeno Narrative is authentic, it was during this campaign that Henry first met Nicolo Zeno’s ancestors, who would later enter into his service and sail with him to North America.” https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd; The Sinclair Saga
1365 “It is also during this time that Henry would have become exposed to the society of the Templar Order.” https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
1375 > Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney ((c. 1375 – 1420) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney)
1379 William St Clair, 8th Baron of Roslin dies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_St_Clair,_8th_Baron_of_Roslin
1379 On 2 August 1379, at Marstrand, near Tønsberg, Norway, Haakon chose Sinclair over Sparre, investing Henry I Sinclair with the Jarldom or Earldom in the Peerage of Scotland. Henry I Sinclair became the Earl of Orkney which belonged to Norway because his mother was Isabella and was a daughter of the previous Earl of Orkney. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney
1390 Venetians Antonio and Nicolo Zena sailed to North and South America America The Sinclair Saga
1394 Portuguese Henry the Navigator, Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ born
1394 the Victual Brothers occupied the island of Gotland, Sweden, in 1394 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victual_Brothers
1395 Zeno brothers sail to North America. Henry Sinclair was with them? http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/
1398 Antonio Zeno returns to Orkneys The Sinclair Saga
1398 Was the fleet of a dozen ships that sailed with Prince Henry I Sinclair in 1398 part of the Templar fleet? https://www.oakislandmystery.com/the-mystery/popular-theories/the-knights-templar; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_%28ship%29
1398 “There are, oddly enough, no records that exist of Henry (I), in Orkney or Scotland, from 1398-99. It is, however recorded that Henry died in August, 1400, at Kirkwall in Orkney. An expedition journey could account for his absence from the records dated to this time https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3864&context=etd
1398 Teutonic Knights take over Gotland https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3206&context=luc_theses
1400 Prince Zichmni described in letters allegedly written around the year 1400 by the Zeno brothers of Venice, in which they describe a voyage throughout the North Atlantic under the command of Zichmni.[24] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney
1410 > William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness - builder of Rosslyn Chapel (1410–1480) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sinclair,_1st_Earl_of_Caithness)
1420 Henry the Navigator gained appointment as the Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ, the Portuguese successor to the Knights Templar, which had its headquarters at Tomar in central Portugal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator
1422 Henry VI gold coin in Southern Newfoundland and Labrador https://www.abandonedspaces.com/news/medieval-coin-canada.html
1424 Portuguese fishing cod in Newfoundland https://crossingtheoceansea.com/OceanSeaPages/OS-77-CorteReal.html
https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10222950242766942
1425 Regius Poem - start of Freemasons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry
1446 Rosslyn Chapel built by Sinclair https://www.rosslynchapel.com/
1477 Cortereal of Portugal sails to the Americas http://namomagazine.com/is-columbus-the-first-voyager-to-the-new-world/
1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas gave Portugal the right to the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alcáçovas
1492 Columbus in the Caribbean under the Crown of Castile (Spain). He received maps and notes (from Zeno) through his father-in-law Bartolomeu Perestrello who sailed under the instructions of Prince Henry the Navigator to discover Madeira???? https://crossingtheoceansea.com/OceanSeaPages/OS-35b-AgeOfDiscovery.html
https://www.history.com/news/christopher-columbus-ships-caravels
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed giving Portugal Brazil and Spain the rest of the Americas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas
1496 John Cabot (Italian: Giovanni Caboto) makes first voyage across the Atlantic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabot#First_voyage
1497 John Cabot’s 2nd voyage
1498 John Cabot’s final voyage
1503 MacDonald dies, Wife get land in Edinburgh from King James IV of Scotland, builds Mary’s Chapel and first meeting of Freemasons 20:02 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=42s
1520 Portuguese explorer, Estêvão Gomes, explored the coast and a group of Portuguese fishermen from the Azores created a fishing station here. https://www.oakislandtours.ca/early-history.html
1527 Soon after, in 1527 during the Swedish Reformation, King Gustavus Vasa appropriated Nydala Abbey & Alvastra Abbey and confiscated its remaining valuables in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.[ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydala_Abbey; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvastra_Abbey
1531 During the Reformation, the abbey was disbanded and its lands on Gotland confiscated by the Danish Crown circa 1531 (as Gotland at the time belonged to Denmark) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Abbey
1534 Jacques Cartier’s first voyage to Acadia
1542 Birth of Mary Queen of Scots Jacques Cartier’s last voyage
Oak Island symbol matches Portuguese church (Igreja de Fonte Arcada) symbol matches Cross of Lorraine https://goo.gl/maps/yALweKbDuEM7q6Ti8; 4:00 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjHY5_9C7o4
1559 Dr. Rodrigo Lopes was a Portuguese Sephardic Jew, reportedly a New Christian (forced convert), who moved to England in 1559. Lopes was accused during the Portuguese Inquisition of being a Marrano, one who practiced Judaism in secret. This forced him to relocate to England. He was Antonio’s doctor when he was in Portugal. Lopes became the physician to the Queen and other important nobles like Sir Robert Dudley, Earl of Leiceister, Francis Walsingham and Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex and others. He also acted as Dom António’s interpreter and liaison after he arrived in England.
1561 Francis Bacon born https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon
1566 Cartographer, Bolongnini Zaltieri, gave the name "Larcadia" to an area that includes Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. https://www.oakislandtours.ca/early-history.html
1574 “Lord Torpogen” title given 12:25 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=42s
1580 In a letter from the Spanish Ambassador to England, Bernadino de Mendoza, to King Phillip II of Spain dated, Aug. 15, 1580, it states, “a Portuguese named Juan Rodriguez de Souza, a man 32 years of age, a knight of the Order of Christ…comes from Dom António with letters for the Queen, the earl of Leicester, and Secretaries Walsingham and Wilson.” De Souza was Dom António’s emissary. At the time, the Azores had a large contingent of Knights of Christ that were loyal to Dom António. He had the connections in the Azores that would have made him very aware of Nova Scotia and any colony there. Records show that Dom António had a treasure and a mint in the Azores before the Spanish attacked in 1583.
1580 Around the same time, the Portuguese Azoreans withdrew from Nova Scotia claiming they could no longer protect their interests.
1582 Cardinal de Bourbon and Bellenger’s operation involved Anne de Batarnay de Joyeuse, known as Duc de Joyeuse. He was the favorite of King Henri III and part of a circle of young courtiers known as Les Mignons that surrounded the King. Their exploits were controversial in France and were notorious for their behavior. King Henri III arranged Joyeuse's marriage to legitimize his favorite to the status of Duc de Joyeuse. He was given precedence over all other dukes and peers of France, except for princes of the blood. In addition, he was given more than 300,000 crowns in dowry, and the seigneury of Limours. In 1582, Joyeuse was made Grand Admiral de France and commander in the Order of the Holy Spirit. He was closely involved with Cardinal de Bourbon and directed activities involving New France https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Bourbon_(cardinal)
1583 Aymar de Clermont de Chaste was the cousin of Duc de Joyeuse. De Chaste was a Knight of the Order of St. John Hospitallers/Malta in France. De Chaste commanded the French-Portuguese naval forces supporting António, Prior of Crato's attempt to defend the Azores from Spain in 1583.
1583 Antonio Prior of Crato, the claimant to the Portuguese throne from 1580 to 1583, had a treasure and mint that disappeared from the Azores and suspected to have went to Nova Scotia. Dom António was a claimant to the Portuguese throne and was connected to the Knights of Christ and the Portuguese Azoreans. Defeat of Antonio Prior of Crato in Portugal and he flees to England; https://youtu.be/2rK6VfBTbkU
1583 Batista Servigi to Walsingham. “I am extremely glad that the Queen (Elizabeth) intends, together with their most Christian Majesties, to assist the King of Portugal (Antonio Prior of Crato) in his just cause, assuring myself that we shall this year see some good issues thereof. —Angra.” 3/1583.
1583 Batista Servigi to Walsingham, “In about ten days a fleet collected by Don Antonio is to depart. There will be in it about 2,000 armed men, furnished for a year with all sorts of munition and provisions. Its destination is not known, only that it is to go to sea, with seven or eight ships, great and small.” Fleet sinks a few months later at Bordeaux during a storm.
1583 Stafford to Walsingham, “Yesterday one who means to be of Richelieu's (father of famous French Richelieu) embarkment was with me. They give out it is for Don Antonio, to fetch some treasure that is hidden. Two evenings ago Don Antonio very courteously came to see my wife and me, and if I had known this then, I would have asked him, but when these holydays [i.e. Christmas, new style] are past I will go and see him, and draw from him what I can.” 12/1583 https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_IV_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu
1583 Étienne Bellenger aided Antonio Prior of Crato by financing Phillip Strozzi’s forces in the Azores. Strozzi was a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirt. Bellenger, around the same time, explored Nova Scotia and, “proceeded to make a thorough survey of the coast, west-southwestwards from the cape, charting bays and harbours, rocks and islands, and sounding shallows and deeps. Some 50 to 60 leagues down the coast he noted the appearance of a large island, which he identified as the island of St. John…it is clear that to him it was what we know as the westerly part of Nova Scotia, divided from the “mainland” probably at Halifax harbour. He coasted down one side of what he eventually sketched as a triangular island, lying about 50 leagues east and west, that is to Cap de Sable, and then turned to enter “the great bay of that island”, … He planted marks of possession at the head of the bay by attaching the arms of Cardinal Bourbon to a tall tree…” Bellenger made a map for the powerful Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Bellenger
1583 François du Plessis, Seigneur de Richelieu. François (1548-1590) was a page for Kings Francis II and Charles IX of France. He was the plenipotentiary, a diplomat with negotiating power, to King Henri III, and a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit. In the attached picture, he is wearing the cross of the order that is similar to the Knights of Malta Cross with a Dove that symbolizes the Holy Spirit. He is carrying a glove; which often symbolized a Freemason. He fought under Kings Henri III and Henri IV. François’s brother in law, Amador de La Porte, was the Prior of the Order of St. John Hospitallers/Malta in France and was tutor to Cardinal Richelieu, after François’ death. Cardinal Richelieu was suspected of involvement with Oak Island. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_IV_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu
1584 March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh to search and discover ‘remote and heathen lands.’ https://www.oakislandgold.com/the-plymouth-connection.html
1585 After Bellenger returned to France, Richard Hakluyt soon contacted him. Hakluyt specialized in the writing of the English Colonization of North America. Between 1583 and 1588 he was chaplain and secretary to Sir Edward Stafford, the English ambassador at the French court. As mentioned, Stafford was sending coded messages to Sir Francis Walsingham recording the movements of Antonio Prior of Crato and his treasure. “In accordance with the instructions of Secretary Francis Walsingham, he occupied himself chiefly in collecting information of the Spanish and French movements, and "making diligent inquirie of such things as might yield any light unto our westerne discoveries in America." It’s clear that Hakluyt was collecting intelligence from Bellenger and it was transmitted to the English
1587 Mary Queen of Scots dies
1588 Dom António is that he was involved in the slave trade in Africa. In 1588, he along with the English Government signed the Guinea Charter possibly providing slaves for the development of Oak Island? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea
1589 In 1589, Dom António secretly signed several clauses that would turn Portugal into an English possession, if he were to retake the Portuguese throne.
1589 Queen Elizabeth sent the English Armada against Spain after the Spanish Armada failed to capture England. Sir Francis Drake was the commanding Admiral of the English Armada. Robert Devereux, The Earl of Essex, was also part of this operation. He had become a close associate of Antonio’s according to several sources. The English Naval contingent consisted partly of the queen's ships, and partly of privateers who joined in search of booty and Dom António himself. Drake and the commander of the land forces, John Norris, had a plan of placing Dom António on the throne of Portugal after a decisive victory against the Spanish, but without the Queen’s permission. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Armada
1590 Bernard Palissy was a French Huguenot potter and hydraulics engineer. He worked for Queen Catherine de Medici and King Henri III. He is famous for discovering principles of geology and hydrology. Palissy's ideas of springs and underground waters were published in his Discours admirables, de la nature des eaux et fontaines, etc. (Paris, 1580). His application of hydraulics and delivering public water to cities, was far in advance of his time. Palissy described systems for acquiring or transporting water, and for ensuring its quality. He presented lectures in Paris that Francis Bacon attended while he was in France. Despite being protected by nobles in the French court like Madame de Guercheville, the grandmother of Francois de La Rochefoucauld, his fanatical outburst associated with the War of the Three Henrys led to him being sent to the Bastille. King Henri III offered Palissy his freedom if he would recant, but Palissy refused. He died in the Bastille in 1590. If ever there was a candidate for working with water systems on Oak island, Palissy would fit the profile perfectly. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Palissy
1595 António Crato dies in Paris in August 1595.
1598 Edict of Nantes end of Huguenots in France
1599 Stonemasons get better organized -Shaw statues https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=1512s
1600 population of Scotland 800,000
1600 Building of English or Spanish ship found in sight of Oak Island with silverware with stag on the handle. A lead cross, which is estimated to have been made somewhere between 1200 and 1600 AD https://www.facebook.com/MiningNS/posts/pfbid02byacMaow8VpTeCzFs43HFxRxvWycZnBTb5azYpi9VuSDVAE2EWeJDppFRh71beTl
1600 Aymar de Clermont de Chaste was the French ambassador to England during the last quarter of the 16th century. De Chaste was a friend of Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury and Knight of the Garter. Talbot hosted a magnificent dinner in London for De Chaste in May 1600. Talbot’s father, George, was the keeper of Mary Queen of Scots until her execution. Talbot’s daughter, Lady Mary Talbot, married William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke. Herbert was known as the Grandmaster of English Freemasonry at the time and along with his brother Phillip, were the dedicatees of Shakespeare’s First Folio in 1623.
1602 Aymar de Clermont de Chaste was appointed Viceroy of Canada by King Henri IV in 1602. Chaste controlled New France as lieutenant governor and formed the "Canada and Acadia Trading Company". This company established France as the leader of the North American fur trade.
1603 Elizabeth I dies
1603 Afterward, Aymar de Clermont de Chaste agreed to command an expedition to the Saint Lawrence River with his former officers Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, François Gravé Du Pont, and Samuel de Champlain. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymar_de_Chaste
1604 deChamplain arrives in Acadia Sponsored by King Henry IV of France in support of a free and just society (de Champlain history book)
1605 Port Royal Habitation established https://www.novascotia.com/see-do/attractions/port-royal-national-historic-site/1462
1607 Port Royal Habitation abandoned because trading rights expired https://archives.novascotia.ca/habitation/
1610 Henry IV of France, supporter of Champlain dies
1610 Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, returned to Port Royal in 1610 and re-established the colony. https://archives.novascotia.ca/habitation/
1613 Disaster struck in 1613, however, when Captain Samuel Argall arrived with a raiding party from Virginia, looted the Habitation and burned it to the ground. https://archives.novascotia.ca/habitation/
1616 Shakespeare’s death
1618 King Charles of England sends Bacon and Thomas Howard (who owns land in N.B.) to Edinburgh for first stone mason meeting. Thomas Howard was 1st Grand Stone Mason 22:00 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=42s
1620 Mayflower colony begins in America https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower; https://www.oakislandgold.com/the-plymouth-connection.html
1620 Knights Baronet established allowing the buying of knighthoods and land in N.S.
1621 Transfer of land to William Alexander by James I of England/James IV of Scotland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling
1621 N.S. Charter giving land to William Alexander https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/ns/fortanne/culture/chartre-charter
1622 Al Strachan stole the wife and the treasure 44:00 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=42s; https://www.oakislandgold.com/the-plymouth-connection.html
1622 Scots establish Fort Anne https://annapolisroyal.com/visitors/history-timeline/
1623 New Ross and Oak Island established 49:00 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=42s
1623 Shakespeare’s First Folio published. Petter Amundsen’s work. Petter systematically showed that someone embedded the location of Oak Island in the First Folio of Shakespeare. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio
1624 William Alexander had a map drawn with Thomas Howard’s name on the map
1626 Death of Francis Bacon https://www.oakislandgold.com/the-plymouth-connection.html
1628 Annapolis Royal established by Scots
1629 William Alexander’s son William Alexander arrives in N.S.
1630 Charles de la Tour charter in “Lahave” extending up to Peggy’s Cove
1632 end of failed N.S. effort in Annapolis Royal by William Alexander Knights Baronet settlement
1632 Charles de Menou, Sieur d’Aulnay de Charnisay moves settlers from LaHave to Port Royal (Annapolis Royal), and the Acadian people begin to establish their roots. https://annapolisroyal.com/visitors/history-timeline/
1634 1st Stone mason with Howard as Grand Master. with two initiates sons of William Alexander (Anthony Alexander was master of public works for Scotland), Sutty dean of all the guilds (descendant of Ralph Sutley who brought the Ark of the Covent back), and an initiate was Stranton who stole the treasure that was buried on Oak Island. 27:00 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHpi6NwAykQ&t=42s
1639 Michel Boudrot arrived in Acadia before 1639, when he was already mentioned as a 'syndic' trustee in Port Royal. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Boudrot-14
1640 Death of William Alexander https://www.oakislandgold.com/the-plymouth-connection.html
1707 population of Scotland 1,000,000
1710 British tar pits on Oak Island https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=1781117&jwsource=cl
1720 Big secret British investments in Nova Scotia https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=1781117&jwsource=cl
1738 La Verendrye discover the village of white people - Mandan tribe - of North Dakata
1750 Halifax founded https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=1781117&jwsource=cl
1755 population of Edinburgh 57,195 http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/1_edin/1_edinburgh_history_-_dates_population.htm
1755 Acadian expulsion begins
1755 The Eath-Quake and Tsunami that hit Lisbon and destroyed many historical records
1773 Land clearing Scots arrive on Hector in Pictou
1795 Three teenagers “discover” the “Money Pit”
1904 Building of the Initiation Well in Sintra https://www.abandonedspaces.com/mansion/the-initiation-well-at-quinta-da-regaleira-near-sinta-portugal.html